Methods and Systems of Attaching a Radio Transceiver to an Antenna

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems of attaching a radio transceiver to an antenna. At least some of the illustrative embodiments are systems comprising an antenna and an integrated circuit configured to operate as a radio transceiver. The antenna comprises a ground plane having a first edge surface, and an active element having a second edge surface. The ground plane and the active element are retained together such that the first and second edge surfaces are substantially coplanar and form an antenna edge. The integrated circuit is configured to operate as a radio transceiver, and the integrated circuit is mechanically coupled to the edge of the antenna and electrically coupled to the active element.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser.No. 11/766,276, filed Jun. 21, 2007, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

This disclosure is directed to antenna and radio frequency transceiverscombinations.

2. Description of the Related Art

Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags comprise an antennacommunicatively coupled to a RFID circuit. In some cases the RFIDcircuit and antenna are manufactured on the same substrate. In othercases, the RFID circuit is manufactured separately from the antenna, andthe antenna and RFID circuit are communicatively coupled, such as by acable. For small RFID tags, or situations where the cost of the tagneeds to be low, coupling by way of a wire or cable makes assemblymechanically complex, thus driving up the cost of each tag.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a detailed description of various embodiments, reference will now bemade to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 shows a radio frequency identification system in accordance withat least some embodiments;

FIG. 2 shows a perspective view of an RFID tag in accordance with atleast some embodiments;

FIG. 3 shows a partial elevation view of embodiments where a bare-dieRFID circuit couples to the patch antenna 20;

FIG. 4 shows a partial perspective view of embodiments where the RFIDcircuit is a packaged semiconductor device having a plurality of leads;

FIG. 5 shows a partial perspective view of yet still further embodimentsof attaching a RFID circuit in the form of a packaged semiconductordevice coupled to a patch antenna;

FIG. 6 shows a perspective view of embodiments of a radio transceivercoupled to a Yagi-Uda antenna;

FIG. 7 shows a method in accordance with at least some embodiments; and

FIG. 8 shows a method in accordance with other embodiments.

NOTATION AND NOMENCLATURE

Certain terms are used throughout the following description and claimsto refer to particular system components. As one skilled in the art willappreciate, design and manufacturing companies may refer to the samecomponent by different names. This document does not intend todistinguish between components that differ in name but not function. Inthe following discussion and in the claims, the terms “including” and“comprising” are used in an open-ended fashion, and thus should beinterpreted to mean “including, but not limited to . . . ”

Also, the term “couple” or “couples” is intended to mean either anindirect or direct connection. Thus, if a first device couples to asecond device, that connection may be through a direct connection orthrough an indirect connection via other intermediate devices andconnections. Moreover, the term “system” means “one or more components”combined together. Thus, a system can comprise an “entire system,”“subsystems” within the system, a radio frequency identification (RFID)tag, a RFID reader, or any other device comprising one or morecomponents.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF DISCLOSED EMBODIMENTS

The various embodiments were developed in the context of RFID systems,and particularly RFID tags, and the discussion is thus based on thedevelopmental context; however, applicability of the systems and methodsdescribed herein extend beyond just RFID systems to any system using aradio transceiver, and thus the developmental context should not be readas a limitation as to the breadth of the applicability of the systemsand methods described.

FIG. 1 illustrates a system 1000 in accordance with at least someembodiments. In particular, system 1000 comprises an electronic system10 (e.g., a computer system) coupled to a radio frequency identification(RFID) reader 12. The RFID reader 12 may be equivalently referred as aninterrogator. By way of antenna 14, the RFID reader 12 communicates withone or more RFID tags 16A-16C proximate to the RFID reader (i.e., withincommunication range).

Considering a single RFID tag 16A (but the description equallyapplicable to all the RFID tags 16), the communication sent by the RFIDreader 12 is received by tag antenna 17A, and passed to the RFID circuit18A. If the communication from the RFID reader triggers a response, theRFID circuit 18A sends to the RFID reader 12 the response (e.g., a tagidentification value, or data held in the tag memory) using the tagantenna 17A. The RFID reader 12 passes data obtained from the variousRFID tags 16 to the electronic system 10, which performs any suitablefunction. For example, the electronic system 10, based on the datareceived from the RFID tags 16, may allow access to a building orparking garage, note the entrance of an employee to a work location, ordirect a parcel identified by the RFID tag 16 down a particular conveyorsystem.

There are several types of RFID tags operable in the illustrative system1000. For example, RFID tags may be active tags, meaning each RFID tagcomprises its own internal battery or other power source. Using powerfrom the internal power source, an active RFID tag monitors for signalsfrom the RFID reader 12. When an interrogating signal directed to theRFID tag is sensed, the tag response may be tag-radiated radio frequency(RF) power using power from the internal battery or power source, with acarrier modulated to represent the data or identification value.

A second type of RFID tag is a semi-active tag. A semi-active tag has aninternal battery or power source, but a semi-active tag remains dormant(i.e., powered-off or in a low power state) most of the time. When anantenna of a semi-active tag receives an interrogating signal, the powerreceived is used to wake or activate the semi-active tag, and a response(if any) comprising an identification value is sent by modulating the RFbackscatter from the tag antenna, with the semi-active tag using powerfor internal operations from its internal battery or power source. Inparticular, the RFID reader 12 and antenna 14 continue to transmit powerafter the RFID tag is awake. While the RFID reader 12 transmits, the tagantenna 17 of the RFID tag 16 is selectively tuned and de-tuned withrespect to the carrier frequency. When tuned, significant incident poweris absorbed by the tag antenna 17. When de-tuned, significant power isreflected from the tag antenna 17 to the antenna 14 of the RFID reader12. The data or identification value modulates the carrier to form thereflected or backscattered electromagnetic wave. The RFID reader 12reads the data or identification value from the backscatteredelectromagnetic waves. Thus, in this specification and in the claims,the terms “transmitting” and “transmission” include not only sendingfrom an antenna using internally sourced power, but also sending in theform of backscattered signals.

A third type of RFID tag is a passive tag, which, unlike active andsemi-active RFID tags, has no internal battery or power source. The tagantenna 17 of the passive RFID tag receives an interrogating signal fromthe RFID reader, and the power extracted from the received interrogatingsignal is used to power the tag. Once powered or “awake,” the passiveRFID tag may accept a command, send a response comprising a data oridentification value, or both; however, like the semi-active tag, thepassive tag sends the response in the form of RF backscatter.

FIG. 2 shows an RFID tag 16 in accordance with at least someembodiments. In particular, the RFID tag 16 comprises a tag antenna 17(in these embodiments a patch antenna 20) and an RFID circuit 18 bothelectrically and mechanically coupled to the patch antenna 20. The patchantenna 20 comprises a driven or active element 22 separated from aground plane 24 by way of a layer of insulation 26. The active element22 defines a front of the patch antenna 20 and the ground plane 24defines a back of the patch antenna 20. The edges of the active element22, insulation 26 and ground plane 24 define a substantially co-planaredge 28 of antenna 20. In some embodiments, the edge 28 defines a planethat is perpendicular to a plane defined by the active element 22. Inaccordance with at least some embodiments described in more detailbelow, the RFID circuit mechanically couples to the patch antenna 20 onthe edge 28.

In some embodiments, the RFID circuit 18 is a “bare die.” That is, aplurality of RFID circuits may be manufactured on single semiconductorwafer. Once manufacturing (and in some cases testing) is complete, thesemiconductor wafer is cut such that each RFID circuit is physicallyseparated from other RFID circuits on the semiconductor wafer, withcutting to separate the circuits sometimes referred to as “singulating”to produce singulated dies. In the embodiments illustrated by FIG. 2,the RFID circuit 18 is a singulated die that is not subjected to furtherpackaging, hence is a “bare die.” In the embodiments illustrated by FIG.2, circuitry 30 of the RFID circuit 18 faces away from the edge 28, andthe underlying substrate of the RFID circuit 18 is adhered to the edge28. In order to electrically couple the RFID circuit to the patchantenna 20, wire-bond connections 32 are used.

FIG. 3 illustrates alternative embodiments where the bare die RFIDcircuit 18 couples to the patch antenna 20 without wire bonding. Inparticular, FIG. 3 illustrates an elevation view of the RFID circuit 18coupled to the patch antenna 20 (only partially shown) by way of edge28. Rather than having the circuit of the RFID circuit 18 face away fromthe edge 28, in these embodiments the circuitry faces the edge 28 (i.e.,“flip-chip”). The RFID circuit 18 electrically and mechanically couplesto the patch antenna 20 by way of a plurality of solder balls 40. Inother embodiments, conductive epoxy balls (e.g., epoxy mixed with silveror other metal) may be used in place of solder balls 40. Coupling by wayof conductive balls may be referred to as controlled collapse chipconnection.

Thus, in the embodiments of FIG. 3 the RFID circuit electrically couplesto the active element and the ground plane by way of the solder balls 40(or other conductive materials), and the electrical connections alsoprovide mechanical support for the RFID circuit 18. In some embodiments,the mechanical support provided by the balls 40 may be sufficient tophysically couple the RFID circuit 18 to the patch antenna 20, but inother embodiments the volume between the RFID circuit 18 and the patchantenna 20 may be filled with a non-conductive material, such as anon-conductive epoxy 42, which adds to the mechanical strength of thecoupling. In yet still other embodiments, the non-conductive epoxy 42may also cover the RFID circuit 18.

The various embodiments discussed to this point have been in relation tobare die RFID circuits, coupled by wire bonding or in a flip-chipconfiguration using controlled collapse chip connection. In otherembodiments, the RFID circuit may be a packaged semiconductor device.That is, after singulation the RFID circuit may be packaged in a plasticor ceramic, with electrical connections to the RFID circuit within thepackaging by way of electrical pins or leads. In particular, FIG. 4shows embodiments where the RFID circuit 18 is packaged semiconductordevice 50 having leads 52 and 54. In these embodiments, the RFID circuit(in the form of the packaged semiconductor device 50) both electricallyand mechanically couples to the edge 28 by way of solder connectionsbetween the leads 52, 54 and the ground plane 24 and active element 22,respectively. If further mechanical support is desired, a non-conductiveadhesive may be placed between the packaged semiconductor device 50 andthe edge 28 (e.g., non-conductive epoxy in a configuration similar tothat of FIG. 3), or the non-conductive adhesive may surround thepackaged semiconductor device 50. Moreover, while FIG. 4 illustrate thelead 54 coupled to the active element 22 on edge 28, in otherembodiments the lead 54 may couple to a feed point spaced from the edge28 and within the area defined by the active element by way ofmicro-strip transmission line or wire.

FIG. 5 illustrates yet still further embodiments of coupling a RFIDcircuit in the form of a packaged semiconductor device to the patchantenna. In these embodiments, the RFID circuit in the form of apackaged semiconductor device 60 has leads 62 (there may be more leads62 than actually used by the RFID circuitry) configured to couple to asocket 64. In particular, the socket 64 mechanically and electricallycouples to edge 28. For example, the electrical connections of thesocket may directly couple to the illustrative active element and/orground plane. The RFID circuit in the form of the packaged semiconductordevice 60 electrically and mechanically couples to the socket 64.

The various embodiments discussed to this point have been in relation tocoupling a RFID circuit to a patch antenna; however, the direct couplingof a RFID circuit to an antenna is not limited to patch antennas, and isextendable to other types of antenna, particularly antennas whose activeelements are made of conductors having a circular cross-section (e.g.,copper tubing or wire, and as opposed to active elements in form ofmetallic sheets as in patch antennas). FIG. 6 illustrates a Yagi-Udaantenna 70. Yagi-Uda antennas are characterized by an active element 72being a dipole in combination with a reflector 74 and in some cases adirector 76. The active element 72 is electrically isolated from themain mast 80, reflector 74 and director 76 by an insulating material 82.In accordance with the various embodiments, the Yagi-Uda antennaphysically supports a radio transceiver 78 (such as a RFID circuit orRFID reader). In the embodiments of FIG. 6, the radio transceiver 78 inthe form of a packaged semiconductor device couples between the dipole72 and main mast 80. In alternative embodiments, the radio transceiver78 in the form of a packaged semiconductor device is used in conjunctionwith a socket (e.g., FIG. 5). In yet still other embodiments, the radiotransceiver 78 may be a bare die device, and thus the radio transceiver78 may mechanically couple to the Yagi-Uda antenna 70 by way of anadhesive, and electrically couple by wire bonding (e.g., FIG. 2, andeither directly coupled to the dipole 72, or by way of a wire or cable),or the bare die radio transceiver 78 may both mechanically andelectrically couple by way of controlled collapse chip connection.

The Yagi-Uda antenna of FIG. 6 is merely illustrative of non-patchantennas of the various embodiments which can physically support a radiotransceiver. Other illustrative antennas comprise: folded dipoleantennas, bent dipole antennas; parabolic antennas; Quagi antennas;biquad antennas; egg-beater antennas; quadrifilar antennas; helixantennas; and J-pole antennas.

FIG. 7 illustrates methods in accordance with at least some embodiments.In particular, the method starts (block 700) and proceeds to providingan antenna having a top defined by a substantially planar activeelement, a bottom defined by a ground plane, and an edge (block 704).The antenna may be, for example, a patch antenna having a geometricallyshaped active element, a patch antenna where the active element hasgrounded component (“F” shape or cross-section), or a patch antennahaving an aperture in the active element. Regardless of the precisephysical shape of the active element of the patch antenna, the methodfurther comprises attaching to the edge of the patch antenna anintegrated circuit configured to operate as a radio transceiver (block708), and the method ends (block 712). The attaching may take manyforms. In embodiments where the radio transceiver is bare die, theattaching may involve mechanically attaching by way of an adhesive, andelectrically coupling by way of wire-bond techniques. In otherembodiments, the bare-die radio transceiver may attached in a flip-chipfashion using a controlled collapse chip connection by way of solder orconductive balls. A non-conductive adhesive (e.g., epoxy) may be used toreinforce the physical coupling. In yet other embodiments, the radiofrequency transceiver may take the form a packaged semiconductor device,and thus may couple to the antenna by way of a socket, or by directsoldering of leads of the packaged semiconductor device to the antenna.

FIG. 8 illustrates methods in accordance with at least some embodiments.In particular, the method starts (block 800) and proceeds to providingan antenna having an active element with a substantially circularcross-section in one plane (block 804). The antenna may be, for example:a Yagi-Uda antenna; folded dipole antenna; a bent dipole antenna; aparabolic antenna; a Quagi antenna; a biquad antenna; an egg-beaterantenna; a quadrifilar antenna; a helix antenna; or a J-pole antenna.Regardless of the precise physical shape of the antenna, the methodfurther comprises mechanically attaching to the antenna an integratedcircuit configured to operate as a radio transceiver (block 808), andthe method ends (block 812). The attaching may take many forms. Inembodiments where the radio transceiver is bare die, the attaching mayinvolve mechanically attaching by way of an adhesive, and electricallycoupling by way of wire-bond techniques. In other embodiments, the baredie radio transceiver may be attached in a flip-chip fashion using acontrolled collapse chip connection by way of solder or conductiveballs. A non-conductive adhesive (e.g., epoxy) may be used to reinforcethe mechanical coupling. In yet other embodiments, the radio frequencytransceiver may take the form a packaged semiconductor device, and thusmay couple to the antenna by way of a socket, or by direct soldering ofleads of the packaged semiconductor device to the antenna.

The above discussion is meant to be illustrative of the principles andvarious embodiments of the present invention. Numerous variations andmodifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once theabove disclosure is fully appreciated. For example, FIGS. 2-5 show apatch antenna; however, patch antennas may take many forms. The activeelement for a patch antenna may comprise not only geometric shapes(e.g., square, rectangle), but also other shapes capable of radiatingand/or receiving electromagnetic energy (e.g., fractal patterns,inverted “F” shapes where a portion of the active element directlycouples to the ground plane, and “trough” radiators where the radiationis caused by current flow around an aperture of the active element. Itis intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all suchvariations and modifications.

1. A system comprising: an antenna comprising an active element with acircular cross-section; and an integrated circuit configured to operateas a radio transceiver, the integrated circuit mechanically supported bythe antenna.
 2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the integratedcircuit is coupled to the antenna by way of an adhesive, andelectrically coupled to the antenna by way of a wire-bond.
 3. The systemaccording to claim 1, wherein the integrated circuit is mechanically andelectrically coupled to the antenna by way of a controlled collapse chipconnection.
 4. The system according to claim 1, wherein the integratedcircuit further comprises a packaged integrated circuit with a pluralityof pins.
 5. The system according to claim 4, wherein the pins of thepackaged integrated circuit are soldered to the antenna.
 6. The systemaccording to claim 4, further comprising a socket coupled to theantenna, and wherein the packaged integrated circuit couples to theantenna by way of the socket.
 7. The system according to claim 1,wherein the antenna is a Yagi-Uda antenna.
 8. The system according toclaim 1, wherein the integrated circuit is at least one selected fromthe group consisting of: radio frequency identification (RFID) reader;and a RFID circuit.
 9. The system according to claim 1, wherein theantenna is at least one selected from the group consisting of: a foldeddipole antenna; a bent dipole antenna; a parabolic antenna; a Quagiantenna; biquad antenna; an egg-beater antenna; a quadrifilar antenna; ahelix antenna; and a J-pole antenna.
 10. A method comprising: providingan antenna having an active element with a substantially circularcross-section; and mechanically attaching to the antenna an integratedcircuit configured to operate as a radio transceiver.
 11. The methodaccording to claim 10, wherein mechanically attaching further comprisesattaching at least one selected from the group consisting of: a radiofrequency identification (RFID) reader; and a RFID circuit.
 12. Themethod according to claim 10, wherein mechanically attaching furthercomprises: adhering the integrated circuit being a bare die integratedcircuit to the antenna; and electrically coupling by at least oneselected from the group consisting of: wire bond; and controlledcollapse chip connection.
 13. The method according to claim 10, whereinmechanically attaching further comprises coupling the integrated circuitbeing a packaged integrated circuit to a socket on the antenna.